The Personal Services Income rules: the tax implications for your business
It’s quite common for people to structure their business affairs by setting up an entity to run their business through. This could be a trust, a partnership or, most often, a company – but there are implications for your business explains Mark Chapman Director of Tax Communications at H&R Block.
The tax rate for small companies is just 25% which compares very favourably with the top personal tax rate of 45%. In addition, companies can claim a wider range of tax deductions and have the freedom to distribute franked dividends to shareholders (or alternatively to retain the profits in the business).
Clearly, this could be a very effective way of sheltering profits for a small business and for that reason, the ATO often seeks to apply what are known as the personal services income (PSI) rules to regulate such situations.
The impact of the PSI rules, for those affected by them, is twofold:
- Income within the so-called interposed entity (typically a company) can be attributed back to the individual taxpayer
- The range of deductions available is limited to those typically available to individuals.
In short then, if you fall into the scope of the PSI rules, you can find the ATO “looking through” your business structure and taxing you as an individual.
Who is affected?
The measures apply to companies, trusts and partnerships where the income of the entity is derived primarily as a result of the personal efforts or skills of an individual.
The rules do not apply to income that is mainly:
- for supplying or selling goods (for example, from retailing, wholesaling or manufacturing), or
- generated by an income-producing asset (such as a bulldozer) or
- for granting a right to use property (for example, the copyright to a computer program), or
- generated by a business structure (for example, an accountant working for a large accounting firm).
In practice, the rules would impact the following professions where the practitioner is running their small business through another entity:
- Medical practitioners
- Dentists
- Accountants
- Lawyers
- Engineers
- Architects
- IT consultants
- Entertainers
| Example:
CPS Pty Ltd provides computer programming services but David does all the work involved in providing those services. CPS Pty Ltd has only one client. David is the only employee of CPS Pty Ltd. David uses the client’s equipment and software to do the work. CPS’s income from providing the services is David’s personal services income because it is a reward for his personal efforts and skills. Example: Bert owns and drives a bulldozer that he uses on building sites. The income is not Bert’s personal services income because it is derived mainly by the use of the bulldozer and not by Bert’s personal efforts or skills. How do the rules work? First things first: these rules are complex! Given the scope of the rules to catch the activities of many professionals and the difficulty which many people have in working out if they are caught, it is essential that you take professional advice. If you receive income that is mainly a reward for your personal efforts or skills, you may fall within the PSI rules. To be exempt from the rules, you need to be a personal services business (PSB). You qualify as a PSB if:
Note, however, that PSB’s are also subject to their own tax regime, the effect of which is quite similar to the income attribution rules in the PSI legislation. The ATO says that the PSB should generally have no taxable income. Total income, after expenses, should be fully paid out to the practitioner by way of salary or, in the case of a company, franked dividends. Otherwise, the general anti-avoidance rules will apply to treat the income as that of the practitioner. |
PSI tests
The Results Test
The primary test under the PSI rules is the results test. This test is a self-assessment test and an individual or their trading entity will be treated as a personal services business if they receive at least 75% of the personal services income for producing a result.
To pass the results test –
- the contractor works to produce a result. For example, a contract to build or produce a software program for a fixed set price would be a contract for a result. In contrast the payment of an hourly rate to develop the software program is more likely a contract for personal services and would not satisfy this criterion and
- the contractor provides the tools and equipment necessary (if any) to produce the result; and
- the contractor is (or would be) liable for the cost of rectifying any defective work.
If an individual (or their trading entity) cannot satisfy the results test, there are three other tests available to self-assess against. The taxpayer can only consider these tests if 80% or more of the taxpayer’s personal service income does not come from one source.
If the 80% threshold is breached, the individual cannot consider the other tests and must apply to the ATO for a PSB determination in order to be classified as a PSB.
The three tests are:
- The unrelated clients test: To satisfy the unrelated clients test, the individual or entity must provide services to 2 or more entities that are not associates of each other and are also not associates of the individual or entity. The services must also be provided as a direct result of making offers or invitations to the public at large (or to a section of the public). Making an offer to the public includes advertising, tendering for work, maintaining a website or word of mouth referrals. Services offered through labour hire companies and other such businesses that arrange to provide services directly for clients do not qualify under this test.
- The employment test: The employment test will be satisfied if the individual engages one or more entities during the income year, and that entity, or those entities together perform at least 20% of the market value of the individual’s principal work for the year.
For partnerships, the value of work performed by one partner for another in generating any personal services income is taken into account.
Both an individual and a personal service entity will also satisfy the employment test if they have one or more apprentices for at least 50% of the income year.
- The business premises test
The business premises test is satisfied by either an individual or personal service entity if at all times during the income year they maintain and use business premises at which the individual or entity mainly conducts activities from which personal services income is gained or produced, and that are –
- used exclusively by the individual or personal service entity;
- physically separated from any other premise that is used for private purposes by the individual or personal service entity or any of their associates which includes:
- a relative,
- a spouse,
- a partner or a partnership of which you are a partner,
- a trust of which you are a trustee or a beneficiary, or
- a company which you control,
- physically separated from the premises of any of their clients (or associates of those clients) to which they provide services.
ATO Determination
Taxpayers can apply to the ATO for a Personal Services Business Determination.
This is available regardless of whether the taxpayer derives more or less than 80% of their personal services income from a single source.
For taxpayers who receive more than 80% from a single source, this is the only way to be treated as a personal services business.
For individuals and entities, the Tax Office cannot issue a Determination unless it is satisfied that the individual meets, or has met, in the income year the Determination has effect, the following criteria:
- either or both the business premises test or employment test; and
- apart from unusual circumstances, any one of the 3 tests could be satisfied (or the Tax Office is satisfied that any of those tests will be met in future income years); or
- the individual’s personal services income was derived from activities that satisfied either of the above 2 conditions.
What now?
If you’ve read this far and understood half of what you’ve just read – which is a very basic summary of the rules – congratulations! Apply to H&R Block for a job.
If, on the other hand, you’re none the wiser – which is the more common response – you might need to take professional advice for further guidance, particularly if you’re starting out in a career in one of the professions likely affected by the rules (listed above) or if you’re already in one of those professions and aren’t sure you’ve got the most tax efficient structure.
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